怀山药皮对淇河鲫血清生化、免疫指标及组织结构的影响

为探究怀山药皮(Chinese yam peel,YP)对淇河鲫免疫的影响,选取平均体重为(106.76±3.74)g的淇河鲫240尾,随机分为对照组(NC)、0.5%怀山药皮添加组(LYP)、1%怀山药皮添加组(MYP)、2%怀山药皮添加组(HYP)4组,养殖8周,检测实验鱼生长指标、血清生化指标及免疫相关基因的表达情况。结果显示:添加怀山药皮对淇河鲫生长指标没有显著性影响;血液生化指标中谷草转氨酶活性在MYP组显著性降低,碱性磷酸酶的活性显著升高;与NC组相比,怀山药皮添加组肝脏细胞膜与核膜完整性增强,胞质破碎,核溶解、偏移现象减轻;与NC组相比,添加怀山药皮上调了抑炎因子(IL-10)、紧密连接蛋白基因(Claudin-1)、抗氧化基因(CAT和GST)和TLR通路基因(TLR4)mRNA表达量。以上结果表明,饲料中添加怀山药皮,能在一定程度上增强鱼体免疫力。     

不同氮肥处理下高温胁迫对夏玉米产量及叶片超微构造的影响

以郑单958为材料,研究高温胁迫对夏玉米产量及叶片超微构造的影响。结果表明,高温处理缩短夏玉米的生育天数,降低夏玉米产量及叶绿素含量。随氮肥增加,高温处理对玉米产量的影响先降低后升高(在310.5 kg/hm^2氮肥下,高温处理玉米产量的降低达到27.2%、31.1%)。高温处理较对照维管束鞘细胞变大,高温处理维管束鞘细胞内的叶绿体出现淀粉粒,对照处理维管束鞘细胞内的叶绿体没有出现淀粉粒。高温线粒体及细胞核(被)膜开始解离,对照处理线粒体及细胞核(被)膜完整,说明高温条件下,玉米对氮的耐受力降低。高温处理叶绿体数、叶绿体基粒数减少及基粒片层数减少,叶绿体面积及叶绿体长/宽比值变小,高温处理较对照线粒体数先增加后减少。高温处理与对照叶肉细胞叶绿体内均未发现淀粉粒。     

不同耕作方式对辽西褐土物理性状及玉米根系分布的影响

通过连续3年大田试验，对旋耕、翻耕、深松3种耕作方式下的土壤物理性质、玉米根系分布和产量进行测定。结果表明，与翻耕和旋耕相比，深松显著增加了玉米田土壤耕层厚度和降低了犁底层厚度。在中下层土壤，深松还降低了土壤紧实度和容重，改善了土壤的孔隙状况，有利于玉米根系向下生长，使得中下层土壤的玉米根系不仅更丰富，而且占总根系量的比例也更高，最终提高了玉米产量。本研究表明，深松耕作有利于改善辽西褐土区土壤结构和促进玉米生长。     

成品油管道水击超前保护优化方案

成品油管道发生泵站意外停电事故后通常执行水击超前保护程序,该保护方案对管道的安全性有决定性影响。为了确保管道从事故前稳态安全平稳过渡到事故后较优的运行状态,需要制定最佳的水击超前保护方案。对成品油管道泵站意外停电水击工况进行分析,以水击事故发生后下一稳态时输量最大且各调节阀节流压力之和最小为目标,建立优化模型,相应的约束条件为全线不超压、不汽化。模型求解采取两种不同策略:事故站下游以各站出站压力最低为目标分别寻优,采用水力坡降线平移法求解;事故站上游以整体总节流最小寻优,为了提高求解速度,采用深度优先搜索法求解。以某成品油管道泵站意外停电事故工况为例,对该优化模型进行实例应用,并根据优化结果制定水击事故过渡过程的控制逻辑,并使用仿真软件SPS验证了控制逻辑的合理性,表明该优化模型合理可靠。     

新疆南疆机采棉品种株型结构与产量性状的相关性

【目的】分析不同类型陆地棉品种的株型结构及产量性状,研究高产优质机采棉品种的株型结构与产量结构的特点,为棉花结构育种提供理论参考。【方法】测试不同机采棉品种的株型结构性状及产量结构相关指标,利用差异显著性分析、相关分析等统计方法,研究几种机采棉品种的株型性状、产量结构性状及其相关性特点。【结果】籽棉产量与株高、主茎节间长、果枝数、果节数存在正相关但不显著,与果枝始节高度呈负相关;株高与果枝始节高存在显著正相关,与主茎节间长度呈极显著相关; 17N11株型为塔型结构,其底部主茎叶片保留完整、籽棉产量、株高最高,而17N13主茎叶片数最多,17N5则具有最小的叶片脱落率;在棉花株型结构的共性方面,棉花果枝角度具有由上至下呈增大趋势,而变异能力则呈现与之相反的趋势(上部＞中部＞下部)。棉花主茎叶大小具有由上部至下部减小的趋势,变异能力亦呈现与之相反的趋势(下部＞中部＞上部)。【结论】株型结构具备中、上部果枝夹角较小(上部＜32.0°,中部＜50.0°),主茎叶总面积高于320 cm²,下部主茎叶片脱落率低于20%的机采棉品种产量优势显著,中上部果枝夹角、主茎叶总面积、下部主茎叶片脱落率可作为株型育种后代材料选择依据。     

新疆枣花芽分化和单花发育过程观察与分析

【目的】研究新疆枣区主栽品种灰枣、骏枣花芽分化和单花发育的规律,为枣优质丰产栽培和提质增效提供参考依据。【方法】以2种枣品种为试材,从枣股开始萌动到枣吊停止生长阶段采样,采用石蜡切片法和体视镜观察花芽形态分化和花发育过程。【结果】骏枣、灰枣花芽形态分化进程可分为6个时期,自4月14日和4月17日从枣股刚萌动开始进入分化初期到雌蕊分化期分别需7 d和11 d;2种枣品种枣吊萌发生长到15 mm左右,已完成分化初期、萼片分化期和花瓣分化期,灰枣的花瓣分化期到雄蕊分化期需3~4 d,比骏枣多需2~3 d灰枣和骏枣雄蕊分化期到雌蕊分化期需要2 d。枣花为日开型,在10:00左右进入蕾裂期到子房膨大期有经历6个时期,灰枣和骏枣花发育各阶段差异不明显,但骏枣柱头开裂和授粉受精比灰枣提前。【结论】骏枣花芽分化比灰枣早3 d,且分化更迅速,在分化过程中各花器原基的分化具有顺序性和不可逆性,各个花器原基出现后,进一步分化形成花器官,最后进入开花阶段。     

发展绿色生态农业推进农业产业化结构调整

现今绿色生态农业受到了更多的关注，其在实际中可以有效的提升农产品的安全，并保证在 农业发展中的生态效益。而农业产业化是现代农业发展的主要方向之一，其在实际中以市场为导向 来对产业结构进行调整，从而在农业产业中可以建立起一体化的经营体系。为此可以结合绿色生态 农业所具备的发展优势来推动农业产业化结构的调整，促使其形成一条绿色、健康、完善农业产业结 构，实现进一步提升农业产业效益的目的。     

FT-Raman and FT-IR studies of the gluten structure as a result of model dough supplementation with chosen oil pomaces

The pomaces obtained after cold pressing oil production from oil seeds can be regarded as a source of many valuable nutrients such as unsaturated fatty acids, dietary fibre and antioxidants. The aim of the research was to determine the effect of five oil pomaces from black seed, hemp, pumpkin, milk thistle and primrose on the structure of gluten proteins. The model dough was supplemented with 3%, 6%, and 9% of the pomaces. Structural changes in gluten proteins were studied using Fourier transform Raman spectroscopy (FT-Raman) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). Additionally, chemical composition of the pomaces was determined. Changes observed in the gluten structure resulting from the model dough supplementation with oil pomaces allow the pomace to be divided into two groups depending on the type and amount of fatty acids present in the pomaces. If the pomace contains a low number of fatty acids (black seed and pumpkin), pseudo-β-sheets are formed from β-turns and antiparallel-β-sheets in the gluten network. If the pomace contains a high number of fatty acids, non-aggregated β-structures are observed. Although the pomaces contain considerable amount of dietary fibre and polyphenols, comparison of the observed structural changes in gluten network with pomaces’ chemical composition indicates that the changes are connected with presence of fatty acids.     

Characteristics of grain quality and starch fine structure of japonica rice kernels following preharvest sprouting

Preharvest sprouting (PHS) is one of the most serious defects that impacts rice production and grain quality. Knowledge about the effects of PHS on the eating and cooking quality (ECQ) of milled rice is limited. Here, we selected four japonica rice varieties to study the influences of PHS on grain quality. The results showed that PHS strongly led to poor grain appearance and the development of small starch granules whose surfaces were eroded. Analysis of starch fine structure revealed that PHS resulted in amylose (AM) degradation; in particular, PHS caused a decrease in the content of long AM chains. Moreover, PHS led to a decrease in the content of short amylopectin (AP) chains in the varieties Yandao 815 (YD815), Wuyugeng 27 (WY27) and Yangeng 13 (YG13), while the variety Sidao 785 (SD785) displayed the opposite trend. We propose that the main reasons for the decrease in starch crystallinity and the pasting profiles of the germinated rice were due to both the tendency of the AM content to decrease and the degree of this decrease in the content of the different AM chains along with changes in AP and other major components. All these changes caused by PHS led to a decrease in both ECQ and palatability of milled rice.     

Using vibrational molecular spectroscopy to detect moist heating induced carbohydrates structure changes in cool-climate adapted barley grain

There is limited research to study how moist heating affects internal structure of barley grain on a molecular basis. The objectives of this study were to use vibrational molecular spectroscopy: 1) to determine the moist heating induced changes of barley carbohydrate (CHO) structure on a molecular basis, 2) to study the effects of moist heating on CHO chemical profiles, Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System (CNCPS) subfractions, in situ rumen degradation, and predicted intestinal carbohydrate supply of barley grain; and 3) to reveal the association between molecular structure spectral features and CHO related metabolic characteristics. Barley samples (CDC cowboy) were collected from Kernen Crop Research Farm (Saskatoon, Canada) during two consecutive years. Half of each sample was kept as raw barley and the other half underwent moist heating (autoclaving at 120 °C for 60 min). The molecular spectroscopy (attenuated total reflectance-fourier transform infrared, ATR-FTIR) was used to detect the barley CHO related molecular structure spectral features. Moist heating did not affect carbohydrate related chemical profiles and CNCPS subfractions but it decreased rumen degradable carbohydrate. Rumen undegradable and intestinal digestion of CHO subfractions were not affected by moist heating. The advanced vibrational molecular spectroscopy can be used to detect carbohydrate molecular spectral features. Nutrient utilization prediction using molecular spectral characteristics is warranted and further investigation is encouraged.